A sun dog (or sundog) or mock sun, also called a parhelion[1] (plural parhelia) in meteorology, is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a bright spot to one or both sides of the Sun. Two sun dogs often flank the Sun within a 22 halo.
Son of a Dog
The sun dog is a member of the family of halos caused by the refraction of sunlight by ice crystals in the atmosphere. Sun dogs typically appear as a pair of subtly colored patches of light, around 22 to the left and right of the Sun, and at the same altitude above the horizon as the Sun. They can be seen anywhere in the world during any season, but are not always obvious or bright. Sun dogs are best seen and most conspicuous when the Sun is near the horizon.
Sun dogs are red-colored at the side nearest the Sun; farther out the colors grade through oranges to blue. The colors overlap considerably and are muted, never pure or saturated.[4] The colors of the sun dog finally merge into the white of the parhelic circle (if the latter is visible).[5]
The same plate-shaped ice crystals that cause sun dogs are also responsible for the colorful circumzenithal arc, meaning that these two types of halo tend to co-occur.[6] The latter is often missed by viewers, since it is located more or less directly overhead. Another halo variety often seen together with sun dogs is the 22 halo, which forms a ring at roughly the same angular distance from the sun as the sun dogs, thus appearing to interconnect them. As the Sun rises higher, the rays passing through the plate crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane, causing their angle of deviation to increase and the sun dogs to move farther from the 22 halo, while staying at the same elevation.[7]
A somewhat common misconception among the general public is to refer to any member of the ice halo family as a "sun dog" (especially the 22 halo, being one of the most common varieties). However, sun dogs represent just one of many different types of halos. For referring to the atmospheric phenomenon in general, the term (ice crystal) halo(s) is more appropriate.
The phenomena [sic] of false suns which sometimes attend or dog the true when seen through the mist (parhelions). In Norfolk a sun-dog is a light spot near the sun, and water-dogs are the light watery clouds; dog here is no doubt the same word as dag, dew or mist as "a little dag of rain" (Philolog. Soc. Trans. 1855, p. 80). Cf. Icel. dogg, Dan. and Swed. dug = Eng. "dew."[10]
In the Anglo-Cornish dialect of Cornwall, United Kingdom, sun dogs are known as weather dogs (described as "a short segment of a rainbow seen on the horizon, foreshowing foul weather"). It is also known as a lagas in the sky which comes from the Cornish language term for the sun dog lagas awel meaning 'weather's eye' (lagas, 'eye' and awel, 'weather/wind'). This is in turn related to the Anglo-Cornish term cock's eye for a halo round the sun or the moon, also a portent of bad weather.[15]
Aristotle (Meteorology III.2, 372a14) notes that "two mock suns rose with the sun and followed it all through the day until sunset." He says that "mock suns" are always to the side, never above or below, most commonly at sunrise or sunset, more rarely in the middle of the day.[16]
Be it so, said Tubero; and since you invite me to discussion, and present the opportunity, let us first examine, before any one else arrives, what can be the nature of the parhelion, or double sun, which was mentioned in the senate. Those that affirm they witnessed this prodigy are neither few nor unworthy of credit, so that there is more reason for investigation than incredulity.[19]
The 2nd-century Roman writer and philosopher Apuleius in his Apologia says "What is the cause of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse."[21]
... from the third hour (9 am) until midday, we saw left and right from the Sun what looked like two other Suns: they did not shine like the big one, but smaller in appearance and radiance they reddened moderately. Above their circle a halo appeared, shining very brightly, extending in its breadth as if it were some kind of city. Inside this circle a half-circle appeared, similar to a rainbow, distinct in its fourfold color, in the higher part curved towards the two aforementioned Suns, touching them in an embrace of the Sun. [22]
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The prelude to the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire, England in 1461 is supposed to have involved the appearance of a halo display with three "suns". The Yorkist commander, later Edward IV of England, convinced his initially frightened troops that it represented the three sons of the Duke of York, and Edward's troops won a decisive victory. The event was dramatized by William Shakespeare in King Henry VI, Part 3,[23] and by Sharon Kay Penman in The Sunne In Splendour.
The observation most likely occurred in Auspitz (Hustopeče), Moravia on 31 October 1533. The original was written in German and is from a letter originally sent in November 1533 from Auspitz in Moravia to the Adige Valley in South Tyrol. The Kuntz Maurer and Michel Schuster mentioned in the letter left Hutter on the Thursday after the feast day of Simon and Jude, which is 28 October. The Thursday after was 30 October.[25] It is likely that the "two rainbows with their backs turned toward each other, almost touching" involved two further halo phenomena, possibly a circumzenithal arc (prone to co-occur with sun dogs) together with a partial 46 halo or supralateral arc.[26]
A series of complex parhelia displays in Rome in 1629, and again in 1630, were described by Christoph Scheiner in his book Parhelia, one of the earliest works on the subject. It had a profound effect, causing René Descartes to interrupt his metaphysical studies and led to his work of natural philosophy called The World.[27]
On 20 February 1661 the people of Gdańsk witnessed a complex halo display, described by Georg Fehlau in a pamphlet, the Sevenfold Sun Miracle, and again the following year by Johannes Hevelius in his book, Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani.
"Part of the time we marched in the teeth of a biting storm of snow, and at every hour of the day the sun could be discerned sulking behind soft grey mists in company with rivals, known in the language of the plains as 'Sun-dogs', whose parahelic splendors warned the traveler of the approach of the ever-to-be-dreaded 'blizzard'."[29]
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This is old news, one that was given its due during Huckabee's candidacy for president. It has come up again, Snopes.com says, because Huckabee criticized the parenting skills of Barack and Michelle Obama in an interview promoting his latest book, "God, Guns, Grits and Gravy." The former Arkansas governor's own parenting skills came under fire during his 2008 presidential run because of his son's involvement in the dog killing.
The incident did occur, as chronicled by numerous media. But as Snopes.com points out, David Huckabee's part in the killing is the only fact that has been proved. Why the dog was killed, how the dog was killed and whether the governor tried to stop an investigation as has been claimed, aren't known.
On July 11, 1998, David Huckabee, about to turn 18, the youngest son of Mike Huckabee, and 19-year-old Clayton Frady of Texarkana, Texas, were working as counselors at Camp Pioneer in Hatfield, Ark., a Boy Scout camp. They killed a dog and were fired because of it.
There are differing versions as to why the dog was killed. Mike Huckabee said in a 2007 interview with Larry King, "It was mangy. It looked like it was going to attack." Frady's father said in a 1998 newspaper article that his son had come upon one or more Scouts who had the dog "hung over a limb and choking," so his son helped "put it out of its misery."
A Dec. 15, 2007, Newsweek article reported that the local prosecuting attorney asked the Arkansas state police to investigate to see if any state animal cruelty laws were broken. The police never granted the request, Newsweek reported, and no charges were filed. 2ff7e9595c
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